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Pre-operation / Pre-anesthesia Assessment Anamnesis History about whether patients had received previous anesthesia is very important to know if there are things that need special attention, for example: allergies, nausea, vomiting, itching or shortness of breath after the surgery, so that we can design the next anesthetic well. Physical examination State of dentition examination, action open mouth, the tongue is relatively large is very important to know whether the action would make it difficult laryngoscopy intubation. Another routine systemically check about the general course should not be missed such as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of all organ systems of patients. Examination of inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation on the cardiopulmonary system is a major clinical examination of much help in the assessment of asthma . With this examination can be known frequency of breathing, respiratory pattern, presence of wheezing / ronchi. ECG examination...

Talk about the asthma medication, not separated from the wide selection of types of drugs available. Starting from the class of drugs, intended use, as well as dosage forms. Different classes of drugs will show different effects. Different effects will affect the intended use, whether the drugs used to prevent or to cope with current asthma relapse. While the dosage form influencing onset (time taken from drug to drug consumption have an effect) and the effectiveness of medications so usually adjust to the goals of treatment and the patient's condition. But keep in mind the drug in addition to having the benefit, of course not separated from the risk of side effects . Class of steroids . Examples of drugs known as steroids include budesonide , dexamethasone and beclometason . First-line drugs in asthma therapy is commonly used for the purpose of preventing a recurrence of asthma . But can also to address the current state of asthma relapse. In preventive therapy that requires ...

COPD(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a broad classification of disorders that includes chronic bronchitis , bronchiectasis , emphysema and asthma , which is an irreversible condition associated with dyspnea on exertion and decreased air flow in and out of the lungs. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a disease that causes airway obstruction, including therein is asthma , chronic bronchitis and emphysema Pulmonum . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disorder characterized by impaired lung function in the form of prolonged expiratory period caused by the narrowing of the airways and not much changed in the period of observation for some time. Disease chronic obstructive lung is a term used for a group of lung diseases that last long and is characterized by increased resistance to air flow as the main pathophysiological picture. Classification Diseases included in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group are as follows: 1. Chronic Bronchitis Bronchi...

To make a diagnosis Occupational asthma , please note a history of atopy, exposure assessment, immunology (molecular and cellular), photograph and physiology as hipereaktivitas lung bronchus, lung function series, the specific inhalation test is the gold standard. The diagnosis of occupational asthma in principle is to connect the clinical symptoms of asthma in the working environment is therefore a need for a good history and appropriate investigations. Thorough history of what happened in the work environment is essential, such as: when to start work somewhere this time, what the job before at work today, what is done every day, the process of what happens in the workplace, the materials used in the production process and the data material. And that is not less important is the field review by the examiner (doctor) to better understand the field situation. In addition to the history of the workplace, which should also know is about the clinical happening. When the first occurrence of...

To prevent the occurrence of occupational asthma is a medical examination prior to employment, use of protective equipment, monitoring air pollutants in the working environment is highly recommended. If occupational asthma has occurred, then transfer to the outside of the work environment is important. If for some reason can not be moved then it must be the prevention and monitoring of lung function decline. Periodic evaluation of lung function in workers who already suffer from occupational asthma are needed to prevent disability. Clinical asthma will persist until a few years even though the worker has been out of work environment. Medical treatment in patients with occupational asthma such as bronchial asthma in general: Theophylline , a bronchodilator and may suppress neutrophil chemotactic factor. Effectiveness of the two functions above depend on the serum levels of theophylline. Beta agonists , bronchodilators are the most good for the treatment of occupational asthma in com...

Occupational asthma is a respiratory disease characterized by attacks of shortness of breath, wheezing and coughing, which is caused by a variety of materials encountered in the workplace. These symptoms usually occur due to spasm of the muscles lining the airways, so that the airway becomes very narrow. Cause Many substances (allergens, the cause of the symptoms) in the workplace that can cause asthma due to work. The most common are protein molecules (wood dust, grain dust, animal dander, mold particles) or other chemicals (especially diisocyanate). Exact figures of the incidence of asthma because of the work is unknown, but suspected of approximately 20-20% of asthma in industrialized countries was asthma because of the work. The workers who are at high risk for suffering from asthma because of the work is; Plastic workers Metal worker Firing workers Mill worker Workers grain Laboratory workers Woodworker Workers at the pharmaceutical Workers at the detergent factory. Symptoms Symp...

Bronchial asthma  is a disease of the lung inflammation in the airways resulting in airway hiperrespon to various stimuli that can cause constriction of the airways that can arise thorough so shortness of breath that is reversible either spontaneously or with therapy. Etiology Genetic factors Environmental factors Materials allergens Respiratory tract infections (especially viruses) Air pollution Food Factor Trigger factors Allergens Physical Chemicals Infection Mechanical factors Psychological factors Pathogenesis The entry of allergens into the airway will cause a reaction between the allergen with immunoglobulin E. The release of materials from mastosit mediators, which cause the inflammation in the bronchial mucosa and submucosa causing bronchial smooth muscle contraction. Pathology Infiltration of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, and other airway epithelial damage, resulting in expenditures as well as mediators and thickening of the mucosal and submucosal e...

Special Treatment of Bronchial Asthma : a. Mild asthma Limitations: Complaints arising tightness or cough less than two times a week, outside attacks asymptomatic sufferers. On physical activity may occur seranagn tightness or coughing which the period is short (<½ hours). Night asthma attacks rarely occur (<2 times a month). Pulmonary Physiology pasa asymptomatic state> / 80%, while the attacks may be decreased 20% or more. Treatment: 1. Beta 2 agonists: 2 sprays, may be repeated every 3-4 hours. 2. Cromolyn: can be added; before exposure to allergens, physical activity or other exposure. b. Moderate Asthma Limitations: Complaints arise more frequently (> 1-2 times a week), that affect activity and sleep sufferers. Attacks can last several days. Sometimes required emergency treatment. Pulmonary physiology during asymptomatic approximately 60-80%, while time attack decreases to 20-30% or may be even tougher. Treatment: 2 times daily inhaled corticosteroids (400-800 ug / day...

Procedure Of Bronchial Asthma Non-pharmacotherapy Provision of O2 Fluid Postural Drainage Avoiding exposure to allergens Guidance on patients and families about asthma, causes, and how to overcome them. Avoid the trigger factors (diet, medication, living habits, allergens) Immunotherapy / desentisisasi Physiotherapy breath, vibration and / or thoracic percussion, an efficient cough. Pharmacotherapy: 1. Bronchodilators: - Adrenaline; solution of adrenaline 1: 1000 subcutaneous 0.3 cc waiting for 15 minutes, if it has not subsided again given 0.3 cc if it has not abated, can be repeated once again 15 minutes later 0.3 cc. For children can be given smaller doses: 0.1 to 0.2 cc. Caution in elderly patients (coronair heart disease), hypertension, hyperthyroidism. -  Beta 2 agonists (oral, injection, inhalation / MDI, nebulizer) Orsiprenalin (alupent) 3 x 20 mg orally; subcutan 3 x 0.25 mg; 3 x 3 spray inhalation. Bricasma subcutan 3 x 0.5 cc. Heksoprenalin (Ipradol) 3 x 0.50 mg orally. ...