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The best management of cough is best to specific drug delivery to the etiology. Three forms of management of cough are: 1. Without the drug delivery Cases with a cough without the interference caused by acute illness and heal itself usually does not need medication. 2. Specific Treatment This treatment is given to the causes of cough . If the cause of cough is known then the treatment should be directed towards the cause. With an integrated diagnostic evaluation, in almost all patients can be a known cause of chronic cough . Specific treatment depends on the etiology or the cough mechanism. Asthma treated with bronchodilators or corticosteroids. Post nasal drip due to sinusitis treated with antibiotics, nasal spray and antihistamine-decongestant combinations, post nasal drip due to allergies or non allergic rhinitis dealt with avoiding environments that have the precipitating factors and antihistamine-decongestant combinations. Gastroesophageal reflux treated by elevating the head,...

High Altitude High altitude reduces the availability of oxygen and causes hypoxia which negatively effects the survival of humans. Because the atmosphere is less dense in high altitudes, the air pressure is 30% lower than the air pressure that is available in sea level. Since the air pressure is lower, it makes it more difficult for oxygen to enter our vascular systems and causes hypoxia. Some symptoms of hypoxia include: difficulty doing physical activities, inability to memorize things or think clearly, distorted vision and loss of appetite. Hypoxia is especially dangerous for pregnant woman and child birth. In other words, hypoxia increases risks of miscarriage, mortality, low birth weight and premature birth. High altitude makes it more difficult for fetus to get enough oxygen while in the womb. Babies are not the only ones who can be affected by high altitude. In fact hypoxia affects human physiological system such as the brain, heart and lungs. Since our body is not equipped to h...

Cough Reflex Cough reflex consists of five main components, ie, cough receptors, afferent nerve fibers, central cough, nervous system and efferent effectors. A cough begins with a stimulus on cough receptor. These receptors are non-myelinated nerve fibers in the form of finely located both inside and outside the thoracic cavity. Located within the thoracic cavity, among others, contained in the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the pleura. Will decrease the number of receptors on the branches of a small bronchus, and a large number of receptors found in the larynx, trachea, carina and bronchus branching region. The receptors are also found even in the ear canal, stomach, hilum, paranasalis sinus, pericardial and diaphragm. The most important afferents exist in the branch of the vagus, which excitatory flow of the larynx, trachea, bronchus, pleura, stomach, and also stimulate the ear through the Arnold branch of n. Vagus. Trigeminal nerve stimulation of the sinus paranasalis channeling, c...

Cough Cough is a symptom of the most common disease in which the prevalence was found in about 15% in children and 20% in adults. One out of ten patients who visited the doctor's office each year has a chief complaint of cough. Coughing can cause bad feelings, sleep disorders, affecting daily activities and reduce quality of life. Cough is a complex physiological reflex that protects the lung from mechanical trauma, chemical and temperature. Coughing is also a natural defense mechanism of lung airway to keep it clean and open to the street: Prevent the entry of foreign objects into the respiratory tract. Remove foreign objects or abnormal secretions from the respiratory tract. Coughing becomes physiologically when perceived as a nuisance. Such a cough is often a sign of a disease within or outside the lungs and sometimes are the early symptoms of a disease. Cough may be very significant on the transmission of disease through the air (air-borne infection). Cough is one of the sympto...

Lung defense mechanisms are very important in explaining the occurrence of respiratory infections. lung has defense mechanisms to prevent bacteria from entering into the lungs. cleaning mechanism are: 1. Cleaning mechanism in the conductive airways , including: • Reepitelisasi airway • The flow of mucus on the surface epithelium • Bacteria naturally or "epithelial-cell binding site analogue" • Local humoral factors (IgG and IgA) • Components of the local microbial • Mucosilliar transport system • Sneezing and coughing reflexes Upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx and oropharynx) is a defense mechanism through the barrier against the entry of the anatomy and mechanism of pathogenic microorganisms. Cilia and mucus push microorganisms out of the way coughed or swallowed. If there is dysfunction of cilia as in Kartagener's syndrome, the use of nasogastric tube and pipe nasotracheal long can disrupt the flow of secretions that have been contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. ...

Pre-operation / Pre-anesthesia Assessment Anamnesis History about whether patients had received previous anesthesia is very important to know if there are things that need special attention, for example: allergies, nausea, vomiting, itching or shortness of breath after the surgery, so that we can design the next anesthetic well. Physical examination State of dentition examination, action open mouth, the tongue is relatively large is very important to know whether the action would make it difficult laryngoscopy intubation. Another routine systemically check about the general course should not be missed such as inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation of all organ systems of patients. Examination of inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation on the cardiopulmonary system is a major clinical examination of much help in the assessment of asthma . With this examination can be known frequency of breathing, respiratory pattern, presence of wheezing / ronchi. ECG examination...